Electronic Component

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An electronic component is a basic Electronics element usually packaged in a discrete form with two or more connecting leads or metallic pads.Components are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to create an electrical network with a particular function (for example an amplifier, receiver (radio), or Electronic oscillator). Components may be packaged singly (resistor, capacitor, transistor, diode etc.) or in more or less complex groups as integrated circuits (operational amplifier, resistor, logic gate etc.)

Very often electronic components are mechanically stabilized, improved in insulation properties and protected from environmental influence by being enclosed in resin casting

Components may be Passivity (engineering) :

Passive components are those that do not have gain or directionality. Young EC, The Penguin Dictionary of Electronics, Penguin Books, 1988 In the Electric industry they are called Electrical_element
Active components are those that have gain or directionality, in contrast to passive components, which have neither. They include Semiconductors (Solid State Devices) and Thermionic Valves (Vacuum Tubes)

List of electronic components Many electronic components are on the market today. Here is a list of some of them.

Wires and cables Devices to conduct electrical current

Wires
Cables
Coaxial cables

Terminals and connectors Devices to make electrical connection

Terminal
electrical connector

Socket
Screw_terminal
Header

Cords Cables with connectors or terminals at their ends

Power cord
Data Cable
Patch cord
Test lead

Switches Components that may be made to either conduct (closed) or not (open)

Switch - manually operated switch
Keypad - small array of pushbutton switches
Relay - Electrically operated switch. This is a mechanical component, unlike the Solid_state_relay
Reed switch - Magnetically activated switch
Thermostat switch - Thermally activated switch
Circuit Breaker - Over-current activated switch
Limit Switch - Mechanically activated switch

Resistors Components that dissipate electrical energy as heat.

See the Transducer section below for resistors used to sense environmental conditions (Thermistor, Photoresistor, RTD...)

See the Protection section below for resistors used for current or voltage limiting (MOV, Inrush Limiters...)

Resistor - fixed value

Resistor network - array of resistors in one package

Trimmer_%28electronics%29 - Small variable resistor

Potentiometer - Variable resistor

Heater - heating element

Protection devices Passivity (engineering) that protect circuits from excessive currents of voltages

While these components technically belong to the Wire, Resistor and Vacuum classes, they are grouped here based on their use.

Active components that perform a protection function are in the Semiconductor class, below.

Fuse (electrical) - Over-current protection, one time use

Resettable fuse (PolySwitch, self-resetting fuse)- Over-current protection, resettable

varistor (MOV) - Over-voltage protection. These are passive components, unlike the transient voltage suppression diode

Inrush current limiter - protection against initial Inrush current

Gas Discharge Arrestor - protection against high voltage surges

Capacitors Components that store electrical charge in an electrical field

Capacitor
Capacitor network (array)
Variable capacitor

Magnetic (inductive) devices Electrical components that use magnetism

Inductor, coil, choke
Variable inductor
Saturable_reactor
Transformer
magnetic amplifier (toroid)
Ferrite_bead
Electric_motor
Solenoid

Networks Components that use more than one type of passive component

RC network - forms an RC circuit, used in Snubbers
LC Network - forms an LC circuit, used in tuneable transformers

Piezoelectric devices, crystals, resonators Passivity (engineering) that use piezoelectric effect

Components that use the effect to generate or filter high frequencies

crystal oscillator - Is a quartz crystal used to generate precise frequencies (See the Modules class below for complete oscillators)
Ceramic resonator - Is a ceramic crystal used to generate semi-precise frequencies
Ceramic filter - Is a ceramic crystal used to filter a band of frequencies such as in radio receivers
Electronic_filter#SAW_filters (SAW) filters

Components that use the effect as mechanical Transducers.

Ultrasonic_motor - Electric motor that uses the piezoelectric effect
For piezo buzzers and microphones, see the Transducer class below

Power sources Sources of electrical power

battery (electricity)
Power supply

Transducers, sensors, detectors

Transducers generate physical effects when driven by an electrical signal, or vice-versa.

Sensors (detectors) are transducers that react to environmental conditions by changing their electrical properties or generating an electrical signal.

The Transducers listed here are single electronic components (as opposed to complete assemblies), and are Passivity (engineering) (see Semiconductors and Tubes for Passivity (engineering) ones). Only the most common ones are listed here.

Audio (see also Piezoelectric devices)

microphone - Magnetic, electrostatic (capacitive) or piezoelectric device to convert audio to electrical signal
loudspeaker - Magnetic or piezoelectric device to generate full audio
Buzzer - Magnetic or piezoelectric sounder to generate tones

Position, motion

Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) - Magnetic - detects linear position
Rotary encoder, Shaft Encoder - Optical, magnetic, resistive or switches - detects absolute or relative angle or rotational speed
Inclinometer - Capacitive - detects angle with respect to gravity
Motion sensor, Vibration sensor
Flowmeter - detects flow in liquid or gas

Force, torque

Strain gauge - Piezoelectric or resistive - detects squeezing, stretching, twisting
Accelerometer - Piezoelectric - detects acceleration, gravity

Thermal

thermocouple, thermopile - Wires that generate a voltage proportional to delta temperature
Thermistor - Resistor whose resistance changes with temperature, up Positive_temperature_coefficient or down Negative_temperature_coefficient
Resistance thermometer (RTD) - Wire whose resistance changes with temperature
Bolometer
Thermal cutoff - Switch that is opened or closed when a set temperature is exceeded

Magnetic field (see also Hall Effect in semiconductors)

Magnetometer, Gaussmeter

Humidity

Hygrometer

Electromagnetic, light

Photoresistor - Light dependent resistor

Solid_state_%28electronics%29, Semiconductors Passivity (engineering)

Diodes

diode, Rectifier, Bridge_rectifier
Schottky diode
Zener diode
transient voltage suppression diode (TVS), Unipolar or Bipolar
Varicap
light-emitting diode (LED)

laser diode

photodiode

solar cell) or panel
Avalanche_photodiode
DIAC (DIAC, Trigger Diode, SIDAC)
Current_source Diode
Peltier cooler

Transistors

Bipolar transistors

Bipolar_junction_transistor (BJT, "transistor") - NPN or PNP

photo transistor

Darlington transistor - NPN or PNP

Photo Darlington

Sziklai_pair (Compound transistor, complementary Darlington)

field effect transistor (FET)

JFET (JFET) - N-CHANNEL or P-CHANNEL
MOSFET (MOSFET) - N-CHANNEL or P-CHANNEL
MESFET (MESFET)
HEMT (HEMT)

thyristor

unijunction transistor (UJT)
unijunction transistor (PUT)
Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)
SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor) (SIT, SITh)
triac (TRIAC)

Composite transistors

IGBT transistor (IGBT)

Integrated circuits

digital
analog circuit

Hall effect sensor - Senses a magnetic field
Current sensor - Senses a current through it

Hybrid_circuit

Optoelectronics

Opto-isolator - Photodiode, BJT, JFET, SCR, TRIAC, Zero-crossing TRIAC, Open collector IC, CMOS IC, Solid_state_relay
Opto-interrupter
LED Display - Seven-segment_display, Sixteen-segment_display, Dot_matrix_display

thermionic valve Active devices that operate in vacuum

Microwave

klystron
magnetron

Optical

Photodiode
cathode ray tube (CRT)
nixie tube
photomultiplier tube

Assemblies, modules Multiple electronic components assembled in a device that is in itself used as a component

Display devices

liquid crystal display

Electronic_filter
radio antenna

dipole antenna
biconical antenna
Yagi antenna
phased array
magnetic loop (loop)
parabolic dish
feedhorn, waveguide

Prototyping aids

wire-wrap
breadboard

Mechanical accessories

Enclosure
Heat sink

Other

printed circuit boards
Lamp_%28electrical_component%29